Psychotherapy Essay examples - 998 Words

I believe that the art of psychotherapy is more important than the use of empirically validated treatments (EVT). I feel that the art of psychotherapy exists through the use of the common factors, which include the therapeutic relationship, client and therapist factors (e.g., personality), helping clients deal with problems, and hope or expectancy factors (Reisner, 2005). Although I do believe that empirically validated treatments may enhance the therapeutic process, the treatments themselves are by no means the most important or fundamental aspects of therapy. I agree with the idea presented by Allen (2008) that scientific knowledge is important, but it is not sufficient for the successful outcomes in psychotherapy. There appears, at†¦show more content†¦One ideal way to prevent the complete loss of the art of psychotherapy is to use both the art and science together. Proponents of empirically validated treatments argue that the manualized treatment is an attempt to focus psychological training and find the most efficient and effective treatments (Halford, 1997). Research indicates that manualized treatments should achieve results that are more consistent with fewer negative effects than non-structured interventions (Drozd Goldfried, 1996). However, dependence on manualized treatments may lead to the idea everyone diagnosed with the same disorder can be treated in the same way, regardless of individual characteristics or presentation of the disorder (Drozd Goldfried, 1996). Hence, proponents of empirically validated treatments argue against the dodo bird argument that all therapies are essentially the same by indicating that not all treatments are created equally and imply that the use of manualized treatments may help therapists become consistent across all therapy approaches (Cukrowicz et al., 2005). Advantages of EVTs include decreasing the t ime to be spent on treatment planning and allowing for the use of behavioral measures to assess before and after treatment changes, which helps keep track of the client’s progress (Hopko Hopko, 1999). Research provides evidence that manualizedShow MoreRelatedPsychotherapies605 Words   |  3 PagesPsychotherapies Krystle A McClurg BEH/225 09/11/2015 MELODIE MILLER Psychotherapies Psychotherapy, or talk therapy, is a way to treat people with a mental disorder by helping them understand their illness. It teaches people strategies and gives them tools to deal with stress and unhealthy thoughts and behaviors. Psychotherapy helps patients manage their symptoms better and function at their best in everyday life. Sometimes psychotherapy alone may be the best treatment for a person,Read More Psychotherapy Essay1023 Words   |  5 PagesMy preferred theoretical orientation is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). The main assumption of CBT is that events and situations in life do not cause emotional problems (e.g., guilt or depression); rather problems are a by-product irrational beliefs and perceptions about the situations (Corey, 2009). The goals of CBT focus on correcting the client’s automatic and self-defeating thoughts, which should ultimately help them to develop a more adaptive philosophy of life (Corey, 2009). CBT focusesRead More Art of Psychotherapy Essay1286 Words   |  6 PagesI believe that the art of psychotherapy is more important than empirically validated treatments (EVT). I feel that the art of psychotherapy lies in the common factors, which include the therapeutic relationship, client and therapist factors (e.g., personality), helping clients deal with problems, and hope or expectancy factors (Reisner, 2005). Although I do believe that empirically validated treatments may enhance the therapeutic process, the treatments themselves are by no means the most importantRead MoreIs Psychotherapy Based On Science?873 Words   |  4 Pages Is psychotherapy based on science? Is psychotherapy a science? What is psychotherapy? In psychotherapies, a trained therapist uses psychological techniques to assist someone seeking to overcome difficulties or achieve personal growth. (Book)There are at least 500 different types of psychotherapies. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-all-psychotherapies-created-equal/ Being that there are so many, researchers often focus on the most frequently used approaches. These approaches are psychodynamicRead MorePsychotherapy for Mental Health906 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Medical News Today, psychotherapy is a series of techniques for treating mental health, emotional and some psychiatric disorders (http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/156433.php). This website also says that is helps people understand what makes them happy or anxious and find their strong and weak points. There are various types of psychotherapy treatment such as cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy. However there is a rising quest ion whether it is effective or not. Is talkingRead MoreThe Ethical Concerns Of Psychotherapy1229 Words   |  5 Pages The Research of Psychotherapy Psychotherapy is an interactive process between two individuals or more for the purpose of the improvement or the relief of the suffer of the person from compulsion, troublesome behavior, depression, etc. The process has to be done by using the therapeutic methods which logically relevant to the case under the regulations by laws and the profession. The therapist required for psychotherapy is proficient in both the theories of formation of personality and the techniquesRead More Adlerian Psychotherapy Essay2528 Words   |  11 Pages Understand, interpret, direct. This statement is an oversimplification of sorts, but defines the essence of Adlerian psychotherapy. From this minimal overview of Adlerian theory, we can begin to elaborate and explore the intricacies of individual psychology. Adlerians are concerned with understanding the unique and private beliefs and strategies of the individual (private logic and mistaken notions) that we create in childhood, and which serve as a ref erence for attitudes, private views of selfRead More Psychotherapy Essay946 Words   |  4 PagesMy preferred theoretical orientation is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). The main assumption of CBT is that events and situations in life do not cause emotional problems (e.g., guilt or depression); rather problems are due to irrational beliefs and perceptions about the situations (Corey, 2009). The goals of CBT focus on correcting the client’s automatic and self-defeating thoughts, which should ultimately help them to develop a more adaptive philosophy of life (Corey, 2009). I like that thisRead MorePsychotherapies for a Victim of Child Abuse662 Words   |  3 Pagesresulting in a near death experience, that sent her on a journey to recovery. There are several different psychotherapies that she could look into in order to get the assistance she needs such as: psychodynamic, client-centered, counterconditioning, or cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy. Each therapy is unique in their own way and potentially suitable for Annabel. Psychodynamic psychotherapy is a form of therapy that focuses primarily on revealing the unconscious content of the client. The therapistRead MoreThe Korean-American Goldilocks of Psychotherapy 1146 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as psychotherapy. This response broadly reflects two of the predominant reasons why Korean-Americans largely oppose the notion of Western psychotherapy. For one, there is the widespread opinion among the Korean-American population that the psychotherapist or mental health specialist conceives of the problems and solutions using a framework that differs from the cultural beliefs held by Korean-Americans (Kim Ryu, 2005). Korean-Americans are inclined to believe that Western psychotherapy cannot

Analysis of the Green Mile Essay - 1007 Words

Knaub 1 Jill Knaub Professor Janet Ward English 110 November 3, 2011 Summary of the Novel, â€Å"The Green Mile† A summary of any novel by Stephen King has to include a small biography of the horror novelist, himself. Publishing this novel in 1996 as a serial novel, with the first edition actually coming out as one of six small paperbacks that were eventually made into one novel. Stephen King is well known for his horror novels, therefore, this summary of the novel â€Å"The Green Mile† shows this book set in the 1930s and is a deviation from some of his other works. The story is told in the first-person narrative by Paul Edgecombe, switching between Paul as an old man in the nursing home in 1996 and his time as block supervisor†¦show more content†¦Percy is offered a job at Briar Ridge psychiatric hospital and Paul and the other guards think they are finally rid of him, however, Percy refuses to leave until he supervises an execution. Paul hesitantly allows Percy to run Dels execution. Percy the snake he is, deliberately avoids soaking a sponge in water, which are supposed to be tucked inside the electrodes; this ensures a quick death in the electric chair. Paul, over time, realizes that John possesses unexplained healing abilities, which he uses to cure Pauls Urinary infection as well as reviving Mr. Jingles after Percy stomps on him. John Cofey is very sensitive to the thoughts and feelings of others around him. One night the guards drugged Wharton (â€Å"Wild Bill†), and then put a straitjacket on Percy and locked him in the padded cell so they could smuggle John Cofey out of the prison to take him to the home of the Warden Hal Moores. Hals wife Melinda has a deadly brain tumor, which John Cofey cures. When they returned to the mile, John passes the â€Å"disease† from Melinda into Percy, causing him to go mad and shoot â€Å"Wild Bill† to death before going into a catatonic state from which he never recovers. Knaub 3 Paul’s suspicions about John Cofeys innocence is proven when he discovers that it was actually â€Å"Wild Bill† who raped and murdered the two girls and that John was trying to revive them when he was discovered holding the two in his arms. John tellsShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Film The Green Mile1665 Words   |  7 Pagesdirected by Frank Darabont. The film is based on the novel written by Stephen King. It was released in the theatres on 1oth December 1994. The movie was named the green mile because of the dark green linoleum that tiles the floor. The main featured character is Paul Edgecomb (Tom Hanks) who acts as the head of the guard in the Green Mile. The film can be classified into the following genres: Drama, Mystery and Suspense, Science Fiction and Fantasy this is based on the events that unfold from the differentRead MoreAnalysis of the Green Mile 11910 Words   |  8 PagesIn the film Green Mile, different sociological theories and concepts can be useful i n considering how societies rule our behaviors in life within different cultural places and times. A theory developed by sociologist Emile Durkheim known as the functionalist perspective profoundly applies through out the film. Concepts that are also seen in the film includes: human agency, norms, folkways, mores, and master status with a few theories and concepts of deviance. Green Mile Green Mile is a movie adaptedRead MoreScene Analysis of The Green Mile Essay720 Words   |  3 PagesThe film The Green Mile was originally written by Stephen King and later directed by Frank Darabont. It is based on the guards and inmates of a penitentiary’s Death Row during the great depression. There is a certain monotony that comes with working on Death Row and Paul Edgecomb, played by Tom Hanks, has become numb to the fact that he is paid to take lives; that is until John Coffey gets sentenced to death and is sent to Paul’s â€Å"green mile†. John Coffey is a very large black man that was accusedRead MoreTrade Area Analysis1660 Words   |  7 PagesTRADE AREA ANALYSIS Trade Area Analysis, Development and Mapping Trade area analysis and mapping describe the characteristics of the area around a store or network of stores. Without accurate trade area definitions, you cannot measure the key statistics that impact a stores performance. Use trade area analysis to aid site selection and target marketing. Trade area analysis and mapping tell you: †¢ Where a stores customers are coming from †¢ How many customers you have in a trade area Read MoreEssay on Main Themes in The Green Mile1473 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Green Mile† is death. It encapsulates the whole novel, leaving the reader to think deeply about their fate. It’s an obvious theme, considering the story takes place on death row. However, further analysis reveals a deeper meaning than men dying in the electric chair for their crimes. â€Å"And I think about all of us. Walking our own green mile; each in our own time.†(Pg 434) Paul said. The reader will discover that the Green Mile itself is a metaphor for death. Paul compared life at the Green MileRead MoreAllegory of Christ in the Green Mile1383 Words   |  6 PagesThe Green Mile, a 1999 cinematic production adapted from Stephen King’s novel by Frank Darabont, contains an abundance of literary elements that when examined reveal irony, symbolism, metaphors, and . Set during the Great Depression and narrated as a flashba ck of an aging nursing home resident, Paul Edgecomb recalls his younger days as the head prison guard at Coal Mountain Louisiana State Penitentiary in this film. The title is a direct reference to the name given to prison block E as the floorsRead MoreStarting Up the Business, Color Me Cupcake Essay example1158 Words   |  5 Pagessite sporting our logo shirts handing out samples of different cupcakes. The business is also supporting â€Å"Going Green†; this will cut of cost for the business and help with costumer awareness to show we care about our environment. The plans for Color Me Cupcake are intended to help the business expand and be successful. However, through the use of customer surveys, financial analysis and market share comparisons, the business will be capable of recognize which of these strategies are productiveRead MoreEssay about Project Management and Green Computing840 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Part 3: Project Time Management As project manager, you are actively leading the Green Computing Research Project team in developing a schedule. You and Ben found three internal people and one new hire to fill  the positions on the project team as follows: Matt was a senior technical specialist in the corporate IT department located  in the building next to yours and Ben’s. He is an expert in collaboration technologies and volunteers in his community helping to organize ways for residents to disposeRead More The Diesel Hybrid Combustion Engine Essay1156 Words   |  5 Pages(Weiss 27). These tests demonstrate how much more energy an internal combustion engine requires compared to that of a typical diesel-hybrid. Two types of vehicles underwent emission testing. These tests represent the percentage of green house gases that the engine will produce over its lifetime. The results are as follows: the gasoline combustion engine is 88%, the diesel-hybrid engine is 56% (Weiss 29). The MIT testing and research went into much more detail besidesRead MoreMy Primary Color Is Gold And Secondary Color Type Is Green752 Words   |  4 PagesMy primary color is Gold and secondary color type is Green. I do agree with the results from the Color Q Self Assessment. From reading more in depth about the color Gold and Green from Career Match by, Zichy Shoya. I do, agree with the results that Gold reflects on being Grounded,realistic and accountable. (Shoya,2007) Also, Gold is known for being involved in details and are known for following through and mobilizing others to achieve their goals. Being Gold comes with skills of making lists

Developing A Marketing Plan

Question: Discuss about the Developing A Marketing Plan. Answer: Introduction: International agreements make global expansion and business of companies between countries possible. The assignment is a study of international trade agreements citing Australian Dairy, an imaginary Australian company and its prospective international market, India as examples. The assignment first deals with international agreements with emphasis on Australia and India followed by the international business factors, particularly the ecommerce scenario and a study of the risks in international business marketing. The final section is a study of opportunities of ecommerce marketing considering cost, risk and benefit factors. International trade patterns, Free Trade, Trade policies, Agreements and Opportunities: International Trade Patterns: India and Australia are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, UN, Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation and ASEAN Regional forum meaning they can trade to enjoy mutual benefit (Patterson 2015). The multinational companies are increasing their presence in India to profit from the market. Free Trade: India and Australia want to enter into Negotiation on free Trade Agreement (FTA) to trade freely towards economic development. Australia wants tariff reduction in dairy products, fresh fruits and pharmaceuticals. India is demanding for duty abolition on automobile parts, textiles and fresh fruits. Australian Dairy, being a chocolate dairy company should use the agreement to enter Indian market (Dai, Yotov and Zylkin 2014). Trade policies: World Bank points out at Indias emergence into a booming economy and an active participant in free trade policies ("International Economics Trade - India: Foreign Trade Policy" 2017). India and Australia are members of the UN and Common Wealth and also has relations with countries like the USA, the UK, Germany and many other countries. This can help Australian Dairy to open an Indian subsidiary and also benefit from her influence over South East Asia (Baccini and Dr 2015). Resultant opportunities: India has a huge market and already has companies like Nestle and Cadbury proving its profitability. India has a huge cattle population to provide with milk used in chocolate confectionaries. Moreover, it is connected by road, air and railways which will allow easy transportation of raw materials and finished products. There is high demand for chocolate products like bars, ice creams and drinks in the country. Moreover, Australian Dairy can enter into other milk product categories like butter milk and milk spread like Amul. These areas are not explored by Nestle or Cadbury, which will allow Choc Bite to gain a strong market foothold ("Press Release: Amul - The Taste of India" 2017). Factors affecting international business and electronic commerce: Economic: The economic condition of a country has profound effect on the technological development of the country. India is well linked through internet which allows people purchase goods and allows the companies to promote their products and services. Ecommerce companies like Amazon and Flipkart allow online purchase of products even in the villages. Inflation and trade barriers pose real threat to international business since it causes fall in the purchase power of customers. Australian Dairy must explore other markets to spread its losses over a huge customer base. Political: The political situation and government policies determine international trades and bilateral trade agreements between countries. Australian Dairy should take advantage of the trade ties between India and Australia. The governments in all countries keep a strict control over the operations of foreign companies since they are big revenue earners. Australian Dairy must follow Indian tariff and other tax laws to enjoy the profits from India market. Social: India is home to people of various cultural backgrounds just like Australia. Australian Dairy must not take to any business strategy which will hurt the sentiments of any group or race. Ecommerce is used by Indians all the year round to make purchases due to their interest in variety of products which may not be available in the stores. The trend of online purchase gains momentum during the festivals and can be exploited to earn huge profits. Amazon, the American ecommerce giant launches new offers suited to the India customers and has even designed its website keeping Indian themes in mind (Padhy and Mishra 2017). Australian Dairy can also apply the same strategy so that the Indians are able to associate with it. Cultural Australian Dairy must design products to suit the needs of the India markets. The company can also produce butter, ghee, margarine and spiced milk which have deep association with the culture and festivals of India. The risk factor involved here is that the products should not have any symbol or feature which insults the sentiments of any group. Market Trends: The market trends in the India market show a positive movement towards globalization. The company must promote itself through an official website of the company with online purchase facility (Deng and Wang 2016). The market can be segmented as per age, lifestyle and economic strength of the consumers. There can be traditional high calorie variant with nuts, raisins and other ingredients and a low calorie variant to appeal to the health conscious people. The company can also make low price variants of ice creams and chocolate bars. Australian Dairy can follow Kwality Walls and design its website (Kwalitywalls.in, 2017). Risk factors of international marketing opportunities: Political and corruption risk factors: Political factors like a countrys trade policies, foreign policies and tax laws have deep impact on the marketing opportunities.The company also has to incur huge expenditure to gain permission for trade and other allowances (Wild, Wild and Han 2014). Legal and Regulatory bodies: Every organization has to frame business policies keeping the rules laid down by international and national regulatory bodies. An infringement of the laws can attract penal action against the company and result in heavy loss. International and electronic commerce marketing opportunities: Cost and benefits: International marketing through ecommerce demands huge initial investments by companies. However, a well designed website helps international promotion, thus earning it a competitive advantage. It helps in selling products and also contact the dealers and suppliers through its website. Thus, though the initial investment is huge, the return is high (Savrul, Incekara and Sener 2014). Risk: Risk is associated with every business but increases in case of international business. Ecommerce allows a multinational company to sell its products internationally and spread its risk to increase its revenue and profits (Forsgren and Johanson 2014). Conclusion: It can be summed up that emerging economic super power like India can be a profitable market for multinational companies. International marketing is affected by various factors and risks. These risks can be mitigated by adapting to the market and framing suitable strategies. References: Baccini, L. and Dr, A., 2015. Investment discrimination and the proliferation of preferential trade agreements.Journal of Conflict Resolution,59(4), pp.617-644. Dai, M., Yotov, Y.V. and Zylkin, T., 2014. On the trade-diversion effects of free trade agreements.Economics Letters,122(2), pp.321-325. Deng, Z. and Wang, Z., 2016. Early-mover advantages at cross-border business-to-business e-commerce portals.Journal of Business Research,69(12), pp.6002-6011. Forsgren, M. and Johanson, J., 2014.Managing networks in international business. Routledge. Hamilton, L. and Webster, P., 2015.The international business environment. Oxford University Press, USA. Kwalitywalls.in. (2017). Cornetto | Frozen Desserts in India | Kwality Wall's. [online] Available at: https://www.kwalitywalls.in/cornetto-frozen-dessert-types-of-desserts [Accessed 28 Jan. 2017]. Padhy, P.C. and Mishra, A.K., 2017. E-COMMERCE: PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA. Patterson, G., 2015.Discrimination in International Trade, the Policy Issues: 1945-1965. Princeton University Press. Press Release :: Amul - The Taste of India. (2017). Amul.com. Retrieved 28 January 2017, from https://www.amul.com/m/press_release Savrul, M., Incekara, A. and Sener, S., 2014. The potential of E-commerce for SMEs in a globalizing business environment.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,150, pp.35-45. Web.worldbank.org. (2017). International Economics Trade - India: Foreign Trade Policy. [online] Available at: https://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSARREGTOPINTECOTRA/0,,contentMDK:20592520~menuPK:579454~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:579448,00.html [Accessed 28 Jan. 2017]. Wild, J., Wild, K.L. and Han, J.C., 2014.International business. Pearson Education Limited.

The Concepts Of Nature Vs Nurture Example For Students

The Concepts Of Nature Vs Nurture The concepts of Nature vs Nurture, are major concepts in social science. Nature is the hereditary pattern of physical features in a human being s development. These features include, but are not limited to, our personality, usual and unusual appearances and the general measurements of how humans hold the attributes of being sociable, hostile behavior, their emotions, and the usage of alcohol and drugs. On the other hand Nurture is slightly different. Nurture is the influence of the environment that plays upon the behavior and characteristics in a human. The idea of nurture is that humans will grow up to form their personality on the way they are raised and life experiences. Culture is defined by the people in the environment, however, the environment helps shape and form human personalities in order to forge a culture. Culture is created by religions/beliefs, clothing/foods, language/social habits as well as the humanistic discipline; such as music, paintings, literature, and many mo re. Culture is generated by humankind, because humans hold their belief systems and patterns that was passed down by generations; by humans passing down what they have learned from their families this begins to create a culture. Personality plays a central role in both nature vs nurture and culture. Furthermore, personality is stated â€Å"the total organization of inherited and acquired characteristics of an individual as evidenced by the individual s behavior (Hunt 119). Personality is either inherent or a skill that is advanced by the way a human carry themselves. But in order to realize these traits, family plays an important part in all four concepts. The word family has many different implications. When we look at the word family, individuals automatically begin to recollect about their immediate household. We will write a custom essay on The Concepts Of Nature Vs Nurture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The family holds many different layers. Holding a family can consist of two-parent family, single- parent family, extended family, and gay family. Two-parent household is when there is a mother, father, and one or more children. One- parent family is when there is either a mother or father, and one or more children. Extended family is established up of not only parents and children, but other relatives, such as uncles, aunts, cousins, grandparents, nieces and nephews. Gay family consists of the same gender with children; this means women and women or man and man in a relationship. Family is the foundation that molds mankind s personalities, it also lends a hand to help people adapt to the environment that they are currently in or changing. Families are recognized by many different categories which are marriage, blood, or some other bond. Married couple is usually how families are formed especially in the United States of America (U.S.A). Marriage symbolizes a commitment between individuals to start the concepts of being a family. These families that are formed are recognized by the law or religious agencies. Many people in the U.S.A began to feel that family consists of a stay at home mother with single or more kids whose father is working. This variation of family still holds firm. The U.S.A feels that man should have the freedom to choose their own spouse, however, this system is definitely not a global tradition. There are three functions that explain family around the world. In the Western society like the U.S.A, monogamy is the figure of marriage. Monogamy is a shape of marriage, which has one husband and wife. Although, there are three other kinds of marriage, which are polygamy, cenogamy and Same-sex marriage, furthermore, monogamy is the most common form of marriage around the globe. Polygamy is used for plural marriage, this term is classified into two parts: polygyny, which means one husband and two or more wives, and polyandry, one wife and two or more husbands. Cenogamy is stated â€Å"a form of union in which several men, are married to several women, but such relationships are uncommon â€Å"(hunt 143). While same-sex marriage is a commitment between adults of the same gender. Same-sex marriage is common in the U.S.A, moreover, it is still a society struggle. Among South America, and Africa, where polygyny is approved, it is practiced for both reputation and economic advantages. .uc308b0fab8af296b54f6bef45b592986 , .uc308b0fab8af296b54f6bef45b592986 .postImageUrl , .uc308b0fab8af296b54f6bef45b592986 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc308b0fab8af296b54f6bef45b592986 , .uc308b0fab8af296b54f6bef45b592986:hover , .uc308b0fab8af296b54f6bef45b592986:visited , .uc308b0fab8af296b54f6bef45b592986:active { border:0!important; } .uc308b0fab8af296b54f6bef45b592986 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc308b0fab8af296b54f6bef45b592986 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc308b0fab8af296b54f6bef45b592986:active , .uc308b0fab8af296b54f6bef45b592986:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc308b0fab8af296b54f6bef45b592986 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc308b0fab8af296b54f6bef45b592986 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc308b0fab8af296b54f6bef45b592986 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc308b0fab8af296b54f6bef45b592986 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc308b0fab8af296b54f6bef45b592986:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc308b0fab8af296b54f6bef45b592986 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc308b0fab8af296b54f6bef45b592986 .uc308b0fab8af296b54f6bef45b592986-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc308b0fab8af296b54f6bef45b592986:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Constitutionality of Same Sex Marriage EssayIn addition to, families have three main types of social organizations. These organizations are patriarchy, matriarchy, and egalitarian family. In a patriarchy, social organization, the father is the crowned head of the authority. Whereas, in a matriarchal family the mother is the supreme authority, and egalitarian family is when both parents share the office. Nature vs Nurture impacts families, because the surroundings they are raised in influence the maturation of their personality such as school, the neighborhoods, friends, and many more outside influences. Nevertheless, cultures are also determined by beliefs and traditions. These customs dictate the roles, the responsibilities, and how one other react to each other. In regards to the concepts of Nature vs Nurture, Culture and Personalities and how it impacts family is strong disbursed throughout four theorists by the name Sigmund Freud, B.F. Skinner, Abraham Maslow, and Jean Piaget. These are all extraordinary theorist who explains concepts of these concepts in social scientific discipline. Sigmund Freud was born on March 6 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia, which is known as Czech Republthe Czech Republica neurologist (physician how study the nerve (and nervous system). Although, he was in a great field, however, which was radical for its time and fathered a broad classification of theories and practices. An important section in his theories was surrounding personality. The concept of personality was based on: how human personality is created and the human influenced by biology and the environment around you. Freud explains how humans id is a significant prospect of mankind personality. Sam Grover, of ehow.com states, Freud perspective of personality by saying â€Å" the id is the most basic, day-to-day needs. It is most â€Å"animalistic† part of the human personality; all it cares about is getting fed, watered, procreating and spreading its DNA†. This fact raises an interesting point. Human personality is widely affected by our â€Å"animalistic† traits, however, we learn to control them from the remainder of our personality that is not connected to our animal ways. Furthermore, Freud expresses how egos also have an effect on our personality. He explains that our ego is what really transmit out the wants to the id . For instance, if humans being to feel like the need to eat, its up to your â€Å"self† to go and handle it by finding food; rather than, giving into your id stage: humans egos solve the problem by trials and error until the hungry or id traits go away. As stated in the article written by Grover, of ehow.com â€Å" The ego is what solves the id’s problems by assessing what they are and experimenting So, it is the ego that makes people able to go the buffet on their own†. Ego is the boost of confidence and self to push a human to the right path and not using their animal traits. Whereas, our superego also affects our personality, our superego does not develop until approximately age of seven. It begins to develop by seeing or being told what to do from others such as, parents, peers, and elders. Your superego also affect your personality by the culture you are raised in. Freud theory on personality is focus a lot around superego. Because the id is pure needs and wants, and the ego is the mental ability to answer these needs and wants, the superego is the playbook that makes the ego more effective. Thus, it is the part of your personality sre most acted upon by the people around you and the environment. It is the nurture part of nature versus nurture.

Barn Burning And Sonny free essay sample

# 8217 ; s Blues Essay, Research Paper In the narrative Barn Burning by William Faulkner, it was obvious that the character of immature Colonel Sartoris Snopes, or Sarty, would stop up either running off from place to get away his male parent, or remain and go the same type of adult male that his farther was. In many ways, he was more mature and grown up than his male parent, who may hold been mentally sick, enduring from depression. Depression derived from being considered white rubbish and the intensions that go along with that rubric. In the courtroom scene at the beginning of the narrative, we see that while Sarty is really proud of his male parent, he besides feels protective of him as if their functions were reversed. This includes lying to a justice in a tribunal of jurisprudence as seen in the following idea of Sarty, He aims for me to lie # 8230 ; , and I will hold to make hit. We will write a custom essay sample on Barn Burning And Sonny or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sarty is willing to set his ain honestness on the line to assist his male parent Abner. It is non until the Snopes leave the country that the audience is made cognizant of Sarty s antipathy of his male parent s actions. Soon though, when the test is over and the household is on the waggon go forthing the town from which they had been banished, Sarty says to himself, Possibly he s done satisfied now, now that he has # 8230 ; He now begins to see that possibly his male parent is non so perfect and merely, and begins to oppugn his male parent and his foolish actions. When the household arrives at the doors to their following place, Sarty is really optimistic about their new state of affairs and thinks of his male parent, Possibly he will experience it excessively. Maybe it will even alter him now from what possibly he couldn t aid but be. Now, instead than experiencing proud of his male parent for what he is, Sarty shows that he wants Abner to alter. Sarty possibly event commiserations his male parent for non being able to command himself, much as a parent would make with a contrary boy. Despite all the feelings Sarty has of his male parent and the errors, Sarty still obeys him. This is apparent when Sarty is acquiring the oil for his male parent, and inquiries what he is making. He thinks to himself as he is running to the stable, I could maintain on # 8230 ; I could run on and on and neer look back, neer need to see his face once more. Merely I can t. I can t. That was the turning point for Sarty ; it was the concluding clip he shows any regard for his male parent. In add-on, it was the first clip he contemplates flying from his male parent. In the concluding scene of the narrative, after he gets off from his female parent, he runs to warn Major de Spain of the at hand day of reckoning, therefore traversing his male parent and screening that he has lost all regard for him. It besides shows how much he himself has changed, and how much he disapproves of the undue torching of yet another barn. With the last torching Sarty decides to run. Merely when two shootings are heard in the distance, does Sarty intermission to briefly to shout out for his lost male parent. He so begins on his manner for a new life, one without the fright of his male parent and menace of incendiarism, and without cognizing the result of his household s destiny. If so his male parent was enduring from a mental status such as depression, ( and if this narrative had been set in the present twenty-four hours 1930 s when it was written ) , so there might hold been another possible stoping. However to give the narrative a happy stoping by holding the male parent repent and go a theoretical account citizen would hold been rip offing the reader, and the writer. It is dubious that we the audience would still be reading this narrative some 62 old ages after it was written if the stoping were a happy one. Another narrative affecting disaffection is Sonny s Blues, by James Baldwin. This is a narrative about the past and present lives of two brothers. Sonny s brother, whose name is neer mentioned, tells the narrative in first individual. The storyteller begins with the event of his brother being caught in a foray for utilizing diacetylmorphine. The significance of this event triggers many memories and emotions for the storyteller and his brother. The storyteller tells many narratives from, the topographic point they grew up, the decease of their parents, and how they parted which explains a small of why they didn # 8217 ; t communicate so good. Through these glances at the past, I was able to see the subject of the narrative. The storyteller described the two brothers siting in a cab to take Sonny to his place. He says, it came to me that what we both were seeking through our separate cab Windowss was that portion of ourselves which had been left behind # 8221 ; . I think that the narrative revolves around this idea because both of these characters want to recover some of their yesteryear to maybe assist them get by with what has happened in their lives and seek to happen a manner to travel on. At the terminal of the narrative, they seem to happen a common bond through Sonny # 8217 ; s music. This is a spot dry because neer earlier did Sonny # 8217 ; s brother of all time have an involvement for his music. At this last event all the pieces come together or both of them. For one, through the music all the hurting that they had felt like the decease of Grace and Sonny # 8217 ; s dependence, came out. For one time, the storyteller truly gets into Sonny # 8217 ; s universe and in return, Sonny # 8217 ; s brother comes to an apprehension. Through Sonny playing the blues, the storyteller comes to an apprehension of what has happened in Sonny # 8217 ; s life and his ain. The storyteller in Sonny # 8217 ; s Blues feels that if he does non do certain that Sonny has a good life and gets an instruction, that he has failed his female parent wants in some manner. Sonny does non ever see things the same manner his older brother does and he uses his music as a agency of endurance and success whereas his older brother thinks that holding a more traditional occupation ( like as a instructor ) and taking attention of his household is the manner to take a more successful life. I think what Baldwin is seeking to state here is that we all have the same feelings in life ( felicity, unhappiness, ) but the manner that we look at those feelings are what make us different from each other. We want to be heard and understood and accepted by our household. This is the battle that is ongoing throughout the narrative, where the storyteller is trying to understand, which he eventually does in the terminal through the very thing that Sonny loves, his music.

buy custom The Questioning Cardiologists essay

buy custom The Questioning Cardiologists essay Manassas Cardiology Associates is a professional group that specializes in diseases related to the cardiovascular and peripheral vascular systems. They offer quality consultative services in addition to cardiac diagnostic testing. To ensure quality they recommend an establishment of every patient with a basic care physician. Their consultative services enable the physician to properly assess and give a medical recommendation regarding seeking a solution to patients cardiac problem. (Adelman 1992). The government in conjunction with the insurance companies has undertaken to ensure that the quality healthcare policy as outlined by the Health Insurance Portability Accountability Act of 1996 is implemented in letter and spirit. In this regard, the Department of Health and Human Services of the United States has escalated their supervisory role overall healthcare institutions in the country. This is primarily to ensure that the privacy rights of patients are given priority especially regarding to cardiac health information. In addition, the government is working closely with insurance firms so that the cost of healthcare does not become a hindrance to medical access. Indeed, it is legal requirement that bills for medical services offered through Manassas Cardiology Associates be sent to an insurance company in case the patient is unable to pay. (Munts 1967). This program puts a great deal of emphasis on privacy of health information regarding cardiac problems because of the sensitivity and the impact that releasing this information may have on the patient. To a large extent, releasing such medical information against the wishes of the patient may further complicate their cardiac problems. It is in light of this that the government policy has specified conditions under which this information can be released. These include and are limited to medical doctors, attending nurses or the pharmacist involved in the patients medical care. Further, this law allows disclosure of such information for purposes of seeking payment or as required by a court of law. (Adelman 1992). This policy has been tested and found applicable in any sector of the healthcare. However, restricting public access to this information is important to its realization. Indeed, all the medical information deemed sensitive must be kept in one place to make as secretive as possible. This is the only way that government institutions that come to supervise the work will leave satisfied that we are doing some good job and the promised benefits will come in plenty. (Blendon, Donelan, et al 1992). Buy custom The Questioning Cardiologists essay

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 175

Essay Example It is important for a company to line up its information technology system with this software application because it offers a platform for business incorporation. This can be effective if a company adopts a good strategy that can absorb both the existing and new elements. Adopting in this context means that a company has to change its traditional mode of doing business by introducing new practices. These practices include employing competent human resource and establishing principles that can be used to manage it. As a result, Service-Oriented Architecture acts as a joining tool for a business because of its ability to unify and streamline information technology processes. Service-Oriented Architecture works when structures in use are in smaller bits rather than a whole. Therefore, for it to work effectively, it has a set of unified services which require support from the web service. These services for a company can be based on data communication which must coordinate with different activities that ensure sufficient exchange of information. Therefore, there are certain benefits that a company can get when it puts this application in use. These benefits include the following. First, SOA software can be used again and again if an individual is not able to acquire another one because of the objects that make it up. One thing that the management of a company has to be keen with is the connection between the objects of this software while making these changes. And secondly, it is easy for a company to put into practice this software application within a specified period of time because it allows the management team to meet its goals. Contrary to the benefits above, this software also has its own limitation. One advantage of using this software is that it depends on goals that a company wants to achieve. Therefore, a company can invest in it as an independent vendor because it can deliver

MOTIVATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

MOTIVATION - Essay Example Batul Nafisa Baxamusa has written an article on equity theory even she has described various aspects of the theory. According to her, motivation factors usually differ from person to person. She states that few persons are motivated through the fame they earn whereas for most of the persons money is the motivating factor. While analyzing the Adam’s equity theory, she has brought into light an interesting fact that most of the employees tend to compare themselves with their coworker to judge the remuneration and reward provided to him and here lies the importance of the equity theory (Baxamusa, 2010). Yoon (2001) had highlighted the importance of the empowerment of the worker in the workplace. According to him, instead of being pleased with their jobs, few employees feel burnt out and powerless due to the increased workload and lack of job security. He proposed empowerment as the critical intrusion program to boost motivation (Yoon, 2001). Incentive is a part of motivation and Stolovitch (2004) has mentioned his two major findings regarding incentives at workplace. These two myth-breaking findings are â€Å"Incentives destroy personal, intrinsic interest in work† and â€Å"Incentives only results in paying more for the result you would have had anyway†. It has definitely a major impact on determination of the motivational factor in the workplace (Stolovitch, 2004). According to Amabile (2002), the prevailing psychological view of Motivation is that extrinsic motivation destabilizes the intrinsic motivation. He has proposed two mechanisms for the synergic combination of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and those are ‘motivation-work cycle match’ and ‘extrinsic in service of intrinsic’ (Amabile, 2002). Hackman and Oldham (2004), have suggested a model consisting with the specifications under which an individual can internally be motivated and can perform the work effectively. It focuses on three categorical variables and

Macroeconomic Environment of Business Case Study

Macroeconomic Environment of Business - Case Study Example This paper seeks to address whether the expected advantages of the euro as a single currency for Europe was achieved, while in the process, we expect to discover the reasons behind. The euro was introduced in the financial market back in 1999. It is the culmination of the three-stage European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) which aims to coordinate economic policies. There was a three-year transition period and, after, national currencies from participating countries ceased to exist. Today, states seeking membership to the European Union must adopt this currency as a requirement within varying timetables in the span of ten years based on specified economic factors. The United Kingdom and Denmark, however, is exempted to this policy. Ideally, there is a list of economic advantages in using euro in the European Union. Foremost of this is that it is said to be a tool for political solidarity. On the economic front the following are some of the most important output: As mentioned beforehand, problems not previously anticipated emerged with the introduction of the euro. For instance, a minimal rise in inflation was expected only during the transition period, but until now, Europeans are complaining about skyrocketing prices in commodities. On a more general scale, we have also a report by the Centre for European Policy Studies that the euro is responsible for Italy's plunge into a full-blown recession. (Browne, 2005) In Germany the euro is also believed to have failed in invigorating employment statistics or curb rising prices, insolvencies and general stagnation of the economy. Not just economic managers but senior government officials have floated around the idea of a return to national currencies as a way out of their current economic woes. What is worse, unofficial currencies are currently being circulated in some parts of Germany to replace the euro in business transactions. Vissol (1999, p. 75) tells us that "the short term economic benefit s accruing to consumers through the transition to the euro concern only the minority of consumers who travel and/or cross the borders." He argued that the long term benefits are uncertain and difficult to put across unless an explanation could be given on how the euro will guide the future payment community as a sovereign community and a value system shared by the vast majority. At present, the global economy is recovering but the Eurozone is lagging behind, posting a meager 1% growth. The Germans are fearful of losing their jobs; Italy is on recession while inflation is high. So one might say, there is more than a hint of failure here and euro is in the thick of things. While officials are running around Europe trying to dispel the rumor that the euro is going down the drain, economic managers' prediction and finance ministers' slips shows otherwise or at the very least express trouble. Milestones But if there were a question on whether the euro has been successful so far, the answer would still be indefinite especially if we are to use the foregoing in quantifying a

Computational Design and Management in Pharmaceuticals

Computational Design and Management in Pharmaceuticals Computational design and management in pharmaceuticals Liu Sui Abstract: Throughout the years since the computer was first developed, the computer has become required and indispensable in modern society. Significant scientific usage of computers has spread throughout all the sciences, including pharmaceutical science. In pharmaceuticals, usage has become an essential tool for the whole drug development process, from initiation of lead searching to finding the best fit, to finding toxicity. This paper will give an overview on how computers are used in the field of computational drug design. The development of computers is a short but exciting history. Looking back at this short history, it perfectly illustrates the intelligence and grittiness of mankind. Since the invention of electronic intelligence, this industry has been growing at an amazing pace. From the technical point of view, computers have changed a huge amount since ENIAC in 1946 to the modern day Intel and ARM architectures permeating our life (Bellis). Computers have changed their role from supercomputer being used for big companies and organizations to the personal computer that exists in just about every household, in one way or another. IT companies have also changed from marketing huge computers to marketing tiny computers to be used in the household, that synchronize with the fast speeds of the modern internet. In 1946, ENIAC was co-operated by the U.S. government and the University of Pennsylvania department of computer science (Goldstine). Features of this first generation of computers were that oper ating instructions were prepared for a specific task, and each machine had its own different mechanical languages. This generation of computers had very limited functionality and slow processing speed. Nonetheless, in less than 60 years, computers have become tools that are used by many different fields of study to enhance their overall value. The rapid development of computer technology has led to a massive expansion of computer-related applications in the pharmaceutical industry. From the local computer system-based assistance, to the inevitable development of network-based assistance, usage of computer networks has become an inevitable trend. Both the computer industry and the pharmaceutical industry influence each other, and the combination of penetration, has and will continue to impact the operating mode of pharmacy. Management and technical decisions made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹today within the pharmaceutical industry can be combined with the development of computer technology. All pharmacy workers should be aware of this and any future developments. In recent decades, due to the application of computers in pharmaceutical technology, many important achievements have been achieved. Since antiquity, humans have built many tools to physically extend their physical capabilities such as the wheel, the pulley, and the vehicle. On comparison, creating devices to extending mental capability, such as the abacus, calculator, and computer, has also been a great human achievement. Computers are unlike any other tools in which they can replace human labor under pre-programed condition for an indefinite duration. An item only becomes useful for society depending on its function, where computers have many unique features to make them ideal for society: †¢ Computers have incredible calculation ability. †¢ Computers have a huge memory, in order to go through large data sets The CPU and GPU of a computer have the ability to perform billions of complicated math operations per second. In terms of the pharmaceutical technology industry, this huge processing speed is vital for the complex mathematical operations required of this emerging discipline, such as calculating pharmacy finances, calculation and maintaining of pharmaceutical inventory, all the way to calculating drug and other protein formulas, determining the computational drug metabolism and its related pharmacokinetics computing, and pharmaceutical pattern recognition. Many computer-based programs have been developed and continue being improved to fill the huge needs of this industry. In the developmental stage of drug design, to search for drugs that possess the lowest energy in chemical structure can take a very long time, and is hard to do. Many people may question why do we need to calculate the lost energy possibility structure, and this question cannot be answered in one simple sentence. In chemistry, each element is giving a symbol. Molecular formulas use these elemental symbols to show substantive (whether it’s an element or a molecular compound) composition of molecules and their relative molecular weight. Chemical formulas are widely used to present chemicals and chemical reaction. In nature, many drugs have different chemical formula, but at the same time, some compounds that have the exact same molecular formula may not be the same compounds; these compounds are called isomers. Isomers have same chemical formula but different atomic arrangement, and the cause of isomers is the change of order between atoms or groups. One type of isomers is called constitutional isomer. For example, ethanol and methoxymethane both have the chemical formula of C2H6O, but ethanol has an alcohol group, and methoxymethane has an ether function group (figure 1) Figure 1: chemical formula of ethanol and methoxymethane. This is where the software, Gaussian, becomes an invaluabl e part of pharmaceutical chemistry. Gaussian and its related software, Gaussview, are used to search for conformation amongst molecules. Stereoisomers have the molecular atom and group connected to each other in the same order but have different spatial arrangements. Many people may ask why we should care about the spatial arrangements. To answer this question, we need to think about molecules in terms of Classical Physics versus Quantum Physics. In chemistry, each chemical bond contains potential energy. The higher energy level the compounds bonds at, the less stable the compounds becomes. To make a more stable compound is a goal for many chemists because stable compounds have less of a chance to be decomposed, and in nature, many natural products being produced are those in their lowest energy states. The Classical Mechanics approach is mainly used for study of macroscopic objects in slow to stationary motion. Through studying the measureable movements through experiments, chemica ls’ optimal nuclear positions can be found, and the lowest energy state can be found through graphing. However, in chemistry, all chemical bonds are in constant vibration and the ability to study the energy state of electron distribution is more useful for finding the lowest possible energy state. The optimal distribution of electron can be done by quantum mechanics. To think of energy as waves in the ocean, the lowest possible position is actually quite hard to find. It is possible to find some bumps, but these might not be the lowest points. To find the lowest energy points, huge amounts of calculation are needed. At this point, computers become essential. By inputting atomic coordinates, model chemistry and basis set into the software, Gaussian, the software will do the rest of the calculations and provide correct output including atomic coordinates, energy, and a wave function. The wave function can be further interpreted into molecular orbitals, partial charges, electros tatic potential surface, chemical shifts, bond orders, and spin densities. In order to find all these information, a high degree of accuracy is required. However, computers only have a certain amount of accuracy: they can only simulate continuous functions and numbers up to a finite point, leading to an accuracy problem. In general, most chemistry calculations have a certain degree of error that is allowed as long as the relative error in within the sufficient acceptable error range. Theoretically, the precision of calculation by computer is unlimited, but in practicality, most only go as far as a certain amount. Beyond building a drug at its lowest energy state, or find a drug’s real conformation with incredible speed and accuracy, the huge data storage and memory capacity allow for huge amounts of library research. There are huge online drug repositories (both public and private) for researchers and scientists to search for their targeted drug. During the drug development phase, the first part of any research is to screen for lead compounds and modify these lead compounds to make them work on human biology. Because there are literally millions of compounds available to start from, how should one most efficiently find the compound desired? The answer is through computational lead compound search. Computers will input parameters given and search for lead compounds that fit the requirements and list them out with more information. Information retrieval of drug related data is an essential tool in the pharmacist’s tool belt. One example of a great computational research tool used for computational design of drugs is the OpenEye OMEGA software suite. OMEGA is the name of a software product belonging to the OpenEye scientific software suite. OMEGA is a powerful tool for screening toxic chemical groups and providing validation of Lipinski’s rule of 5. OMEGA and vRocs have large libraries that can provide much help throughout the usage of computer-aided drug design. The OpenEye product claims that it â€Å"performs rapid conformational expansion of drug-like molecules, yielding a throughput of tens of thousands of compounds per day per processor (open eye website)†. This is a huge search, and without the modern memory, data storage, and speed of modern computers, this task would be impossible. At the beginning of any computational research, researchers have to get into a specific mindset. First, what disease does this researcher want to work on? Based on the disease selected, what drugs are cur rently on the market? Third, are there any other drugs can be any possible new drug candidates? At this point, researchers can start putting their desired pharmacophora into a computer, and let the computer search the library to suggest any possible candidates for further research. Automated drug screening is a good example of this type of raw processing speed and breadth of data to go through. Extensive automatic pharmacological screening for compounds is the traditional and effective method to find new drugs. The sources of compounds are available for screening on a wide range of values including synthetic compounds, natural extracts, microbial fermentation, and compounds obtained by combinatorial chemistry techniques. There are a large number of these compounds possible, so in order to avoid leakage of data across screenings, screening needs to go through a few dozen general pharmacological screening models. To have the best possible outcomes, usually the combination of computer and robates for a netter system can run a screen quickly, efficiently, and on a large scale of samples. Currently, 10ÃŽ ¼g of a typical compound is a sufficient amount to go through dozens of pharmacological screenings, and as tens of thousands of compounds can be screened per day, t his provides valuable research and development of lead compounds. Within the past few years, even the regular computer is able to store a staggering amount of information. In order to perform the screening methods mentioned above, computers need to have large libraries. However, having a large library is not enough for computer to perform computational research; a certain amount of AI logic is also required. This AI logic ability as implemented through judgment causality analysis is the ability to analyze the proposition being established in order to make the appropriate countermeasures. This logic, or pattern recognition, is nowadays easily implemented by computers. OMEGA is one program can be used for pattern recognition. Drugs are used to cure diseases, but for many drugs, they can be toxic to human at the same time as they are helping us control and cure some diseases. Pattern recognition uses the computer using mathematical methods to study automatic processing techniques and interpretation models. We consider the environment and objects within as a model. With the development of computer technology, it is possible to model extremely complex human information processing. An important form of this type of modeling is the identification process on the environment and the living body object. OMEGA can take as input information on the compounds generated by Gaussian and run through GaussView to filter out toxic compounds. This filter can recognize extremely complex pattern. In this filter, many structures are programed in as toxic groups. Any compounds possessing properties of any of these toxic groups will not pass this filter. Other than toxic groups, this program can also recognize number of hydroge n bond donors (HBD) and hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA). HBD and HBA counts are important for drugs because they are important indication for if a drug candidate can be a production drug or not. Dr. Lipinski is the scientist who first comes up with a so-called â€Å"rule of five.† Linpinski’s rule of five was created in 1997 after Christopher A. Lipinski studied 2245 drugs appear on the World Drug Index that have passed phase II clinical trials. By study these drugs’ structural features he came up with four rules: The molecule weight of these compounds less than 500. The number of HBD is less than 5. The number of HBA is less than 10. Log P is less than 5 (Lipinski) (Lipinski et al) Because of Lipinski’s study, the number of HBA and HBD become one critical point when dealing with finding new drug candidates. The variable â€Å"P† is the lipo-hydro partition coefficient, and Log (P) is used to measure the solubility comparison of a compound’s solubility of octane to water. In order to pass through the body, drugs need to be polar in order to dissolve in the bloodstream. However, a drug should not be too polar, because it needs lipophilicity to pass through cell membrane. OMEGA is able to filter all these individual factors, and provide the end user a spreadsheet with all the information contained. After initial candidates search, it is time to test if the drug has a good binding to the target protein. In the human body, drugs need to bind to target protein thereby either inhibit or excite a series of biological reactions. How well a drug can bind to its target directly affect this drug’s efficiency. This structure-activity relationship is related to a drug’s pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The chemical structure affects a drug’s properties, and these structures will decide which protein this drug will interact with. A drug should not be too tightly bound to the protein because in this case the drug will be very hard to be metabolized and eliminated through the body, and can cause accumulation in the body, and be toxic. To measure how well a drug can bind to its target, the software VIDA is the best choice. VIDA is a program which can visualize docking results of the drug with the protein in a 3D view. Beyond this entire skillset of detailed programs within pharmaceutical chemistry, it is also nice to have a computer that is easy to use, able to perform automatic work, and bind all these programs together. As more and more modern drug analysis use computer instruments for analysis, so many different analytical instruments and computer connection and so many different instrumentation and automation for online use are not only for the determination of electrochemical, spectroscopic, kinetic equilibrium constant, but they are also used for data processing, statistical analysis and results. This all will allow for drug analysis continue to move forward in a sensitive, accurate and rapid direction. Over the years, computer has been developing rapidly, and at the point, people are not only working on making computer faster. Instead, people trying to put this powerful Programs are designed for people, and by people, reflecting the peoples way of thinking and behavior of action, remember to replace part of the program and will be able to simulate human thinking and activities. Reference Bellis, Mary. The History of the ENIAC Computer. About.com Inventors. About.com, 16 May 2014. Web. 03 June 2014. GOLDSTINE, HERMAN H. Computers at the University of Pennsylvanias Moore School, 1943-1946. Computers at the University of Pennsylvanias Moore School, 1943-1946. PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, 1992. Web. 04 June 2014. Lipinski, Christopher A. Lead- and Drug-like Compounds: The Rule-of-five Revolution. Lead- and Drug-like Compounds: The Rule-of-five Revolution. Elsevier B.V., Dec. 2004. Web. 04 June 2014. Lipinski, Christopher A., FRANCO Lambardo, Beryl W. Dominy, and Paul J. Feeney. Experimental and Computational Approaches to Estimate Solubility and Permeability in Drug Discovery and Development Settings. Experimental and Computational Approaches to Estimate Solubility and Permeability in Drug Discovery and Development Settings. Elsevier B.V., Mar. 2001. Web. 04 June 2014. 1

Single Tier Company Income Tax System

1. 0 Introduction Singapore already start adopting a one-tier corporate tax system effect from 1 January 2003. In Malaysia, it is referred as the ‘single tier’ system. The government allowed a six-year transitional period to enable companies with unutilized dividend franking credits to pay franked dividends. From 1 January 2008, all resident companies in Singapore will come under the one-tier system. Meanwhile, other countries including Hong Kong, Ireland and also Malaysia are adopting the one-tier system effective from 1 January 2014.Generally, the Malaysian dividend system has undergone a complete overhaul in 2008 with the objective of providing companies, shareholders and the government with a simple, transparent, efficient and equitable system. With effect from Year Assessment (YA) 2008, a single tier dividend system replaces the tax imputation system on dividend payments to shareholders. All the changes from changing of dividend system have arisen as a result of leg islative amendments introduced by Finance Act 2007 (Act 683) gazette by the government on 28 December 2007.The new corporate tax system is called the single tier system because profits earned by companies are only taxed once and the profits distributed are no longer taxable on shareholders of the company. In this regard, the principal Income Tax Act 1967 is amended by substituting sec 108 with the following: 108. where a dividend is paid or credited by a company to any of its shareholders in the basis period for a year of assessment, the company shall not be entitled to deduct tax from such dividend paid or credited. 1. Chart: The Single Tier Company Income Tax System The company Company shareholders Income from the Income Profits business operations from investments in the company Tax on company profits The profits after taxes Profits after tax Net dividend aid out as dividends 2. 0 Advantages of Single Tier Dividend System First, single tier dividend system allows complete free f low in the channeling of profits of the company to the shareholders as exempt dividends. There are two sources of profits that can be identified. It is including revenue gains (where income tax has been paid) or capital gains from the disposal of long-term investments like, shares, landed property, plant, machinery, and factory by the company. The company may now frank out these profits as dividends to shareholders without any restrictions.From YA 2008, companies are no longer subject to the restrictions of having to maintain a tax imputation balance on dividend payments. Besides that, the second advantage is shareholders who receiving the exempt dividends are not requires to report the dividend income in their tax return. However, they are required to keep records and documents on their exempt dividend income for 7 years to substantiate this income in the event of a tax audit. The third advantages is that the company are no longer have a section 108 (6) charge issues. Single tier s ystem simplifies tax compliance.At the same time, it is enhancing efficiency of tax administrative system because no need keep track of tax paid and also dividends amount distributed to shareholders. However, under the previous dividend imputation system, a company whose payment of dividends is in excess of its tax credit balance [s 108 (6) balance] will end up paying s 108 (6) charge to the tax authorities. It is indicates company has to involve additional expenditure. Similarly, any excess in the dividend payment for capital gains over the tax credit balance will cause the company to incur the s 108 charge.This is no tax efficient to the company and increase the cost of dividend payment. While, the fourth advantage is shareholders whose marginal tax rate is at 27% will not be paying additional tax on dividend. As a comparison to previous imputation system, the income tax payment by company is imputed as tax credit to individual shareholders upon dividend payments, which is YA 2009 , 25% of the dividend income. However, the individual shareholders with the marginal tax rate of 27% will end up paying an additional 2% of tax dividend income received.With effective from YA 2009, an individual is assessed on 27% tax rate if is chargeable income exceeded RM100, 000. Fifth, it simplifies the job of tax authorities. Now, tax authorities does not need to process tax refunds to the shareholders. Thus, the tax authorities are freed up to focus their time and effort in particular the areas, such as tax audit to ensure complete tax compliance by taxpayers in a self-assessment system. The sixth advantage is single tier dividend system is business friendly, economical and tax efficient as companies are no longer requires to maintain tax credit balance for dividend payment.A portion of tax administration duties is now abolished so that human assets may focus on tax efficient work. Besides that, the seventh advantage is from a macro point of view. Nowadays, the single tier ap proach has provided a simple and convenient tax system to the country, companies and shareholders. Human capital assets may be deployed to the productive sectors to ensure that everyone is placed on a competitive edge to take on global challenges. 2. 1 Diagram of Dividends Payment to Shareholders under Imputation System Shareholder| Company Dividend income (gross)Individual75% x gross dividend| Pay net dividend (a)Received net dividend of 75% of gross dividend(b)Assessed as s 4(c) on gross dividend income(c)Tax credit on dividend income (25% of gross dividend) is available as s 110 set on income tax payable| Income tax payable RMFirst RM 100,000 14,[email  protected]% __xx__ __xxx_-S 110 set off (x) (25% x dividend income) _____Net income tax payable xx_ |Debit 25% od dividend income to s 108 account| Tax credit ondividend payments xx| Balance b/f xxYA 2009Income tax [email  protected]% / 25% nilxx| S 108 account| 3. 0 Single Tier Dividend System VS Imputation System The time l ine of implementing imputation system and single tier system is totally different. According to Choong (2009), he stated that a single tier dividend system replaces the tax imputation system on dividend payments to shareholders on 1 January 2008 and on YA 2008 onwards.Meanwhile, transitional rules applies for six-year period to 31 December 2013, during which the two systems will co-exist. From 1 January 2014, all resident companies will come under single tier system. However, imputation system implemented prior to YA 2008 until 31 December 2007 only. There are another comparison perspectives is in terms of income tax paid by the company. Under single tier system, dividend is final tax and the divided paid out to shareholders would be an exempted tax in the hands of shareholders.From here, the mechanism of single tier dividend system is treated as a separate tax entity without any integration with the shareholders. However, under imputation tax system, any excess in the dividend paym ent for capital gain over the tax credit balance will cause the company to incur the s108 charge. Thus, lead not final tax to the company while will increase the cost of dividend payment. Here, imputation system will allow integration between company and shareholders whereby a company in its essence does not pay tax.The actual tax is calculated on the shareholders upon receiving dividend income The next comparison is in the perspective of maintaining tax credit account (s 108 account). Maintaining tax credit account (s 108 account) require single tier dividend with no more than tax credit balance of companies to monitor because the company no longer has s108 charge issues and shareholders with authorities. However, it requires imputation tax system to maintain an imputation account to record income tax paid annually in credit side of the s108 account.A differences also occurs in payment of dividends to shareholders. For payment of dividends to shareholders under single tier divided for tax authorities, there is no more tax credit balance (s108 account) of companies to monitor. Hence, it also no necessity for them to process tax refunds to the shareholders and also no restriction for dividends payment. However, imputation tax system leading 108 account are to be debited the tax portion in s108 account. Continuing is the comparison perspective payment of capital gains as dividends to shareholders.Under single tier system, the company frank out profits such as dividends to shareholders without any restrictions in order to maintaining a tax imputation balance on dividend payments. However, imputation system stated any excess in the dividend payment for capital gain over the tax credit balance will cause the company to incur the s108 charge. Another comparison perspective is dividend income to shareholders. Frequently, shareholders receive the exempt dividend in single tier dividend which is not required to report the dividend income in their tax return.However, th ey have to keep all the record and documents on this exempt dividend income for 7 years to substantiate this income in the event of a tax audit. In contrast, under imputation system, shareholders receiving net dividend would be assessed on gross dividend income under s4(c) while the tax deducted on dividend income would be given a deduction (s 110set off) against their income tax payable in that YA. Next is the comparison of interest expense incurred to acquire shares. Now, the interest expense incurred to acquire shares is disregarded in the single tier dividend system as the dividend income is now tax exempt.In contrast, under imputation system, the dividend income is assesses under s4c of the Act which allowed interest expense to be deducted against gross dividend to arrive at statutory income. Thus, this will result in cash refund as the tax credit on dividend income exceeds tax payable on statutory income of dividend. Lastly is the differences of implementation. The existing co mpany with s 108 credit balances has to apply transitional period from 1 January 2008 until 31 December 2013 according to ss 38-57 of the Finance Act 2007(Act 683/2007).During transitional period, existing companies are slowly phase out from imputation system. Shareholders will not suffer immediately because many listed companies will continue to use imputation system to frank out dividends until 31 December 2013. After a transitional period, a single tier system will fully take place on 1 January 2104. Hence, the imputation system no longer using anymore. At the same time, any unutilized credit balance at s 108 account balance is deemed nil at 31 December. 3. 1 A Summary Table of Comparison between Single Tier Dividend and Imputation Tax System Single tier dividend| Imputation tax system| | (1. 1. 2008 on YA 2008 onwards)| (Prior to YA 2008 till 31. 12. 2007)| (a) Income tax paid by the company| Final tax| Not final tax. The amount is allowed to be credited to s108 account to pay d ividend to shareholders. | (b) Integration to shareholders| No. company and shareholders regarded as separate and individual entities| Allow integration between company and shareholders whereby a company in its essence does not pay tax. The actual tax is calculated on the shareholders upon receiving dividend income. (c) Maintaining tax credit account (s 108 account) (d) Payment of dividends to shareholders (e) Payment of capital gains as dividends to shareholders (f) Dividend income to shareholders (g) Interest expense incurred on loan to acquire shares (h) implementation| NoNo restrictionNo restrictionExempt dividendInterest expense is disregarded. Permanent lossFully in place on 1. 1. 2014| YesSubject to the availability credit in s 108 accountHas to incurred additional cash as s 108(6) chargeTaxable dividend with tax credit on dividend income. s 110 set off ]. It will be used to set of the income tax payable for the YADeductible. The excess of interest expense over dividend incom e is not allowedExisting s 108 a/c balance may be used to pay dividend for YA 2018 till 31. 12. 2013. Section 108 a/c is deemed nil at 31. 12. 2013| 4. 0 Examples 4. 1 New Company If there are any new companies that are planning to commence their businesses in YA 2008 or subsequent YAs, they will automatically start implementing single tier dividend system. The final tax will be monthly income tax paid by company.From here, there is a non-existing of section 108 account after commencement of new company start from YA 2008. Hence, new company doesn’t have a necessity to maintain section 108 account. Meanwhile, a change has been made on dividend payment by company to shareholders. Now, it is not required to deduct tax from dividend paid or credited to shareholders. However, the company still has to follow one regulation at the same time. It will provide a statement on dividends paid to the tax authorities. The period must be dividend paid during the YA within 7 months after clo sing the accounts.If a failure to do so by company is an offence, liable and conviction to either a) a fine of between RM200 and RM2000 b) imprisonment of not more than 6 months c) or both. The dividends received by shareholders are not entitled to tax computation or tax return forms. It is also tax exempted on dividends received. However, shareholders need to keep their documentations and records. The main purpose is for future tax audit inspections. 4. 2 Existing Company Any existing company in YA 2007 is continuing to maintain section 108 account until the cut off and frozen at 31 December 2007.The existing company has the following circumstances: a) Section 108 balance nil as at 31. 12. 2007. b) Section 108 balance is nil as at any date from 1. 1. 2008 to 31. 12. 2013. c) Section 108 balance is nil due to tax discharge, remittance or refund for tax assessments prior to YA 2008. d) Company exercised an irrevocable option during 1. 1. 2008 to 31. 12. 2013 to self zerolise section 108 balance to nil. The existing company will continue credit the last installment that is December 2007 monthly installment to section 108 account. In YA 2008, section 108 is not applicable anymore.While on 31 December 2007, the credit balance in section 108 is frozen. From this date onwards, credit balance will keep decreasing rather than increasing. It is used to pay cash dividend on ordinary shares until nil balance at 31 December 2013 or earlier than that. On 1 Jan 2014, all companies including existing companies are moved into a single tier dividend system. Companies with different year end have different treatment. A company with 31 December year end will have January 2008 monthly installment, and it is actually payable for December 2007 credited to section 108 account.In contrast, a company with non 31 December year end is allowed to have monthly income tax paid for the YA 2008 until 31 December 2007. On 31 December 2007, section 108 account is frozen and cut off. This accou nt is keep continuing decrease by tax discharge, remittance or refund for tax assessments prior to YA 2008. Meanwhile, the composite assessment arising through tax investigation which is issued after 31 December 2007 shall not added to section 108 account balance. Below is the table showing companies ending with different year end: Table 4. 0 Section 108 account credit balanceCompanies Year End| 31 December| Non 31 December| YA 2007 (31. 12. 2007)| Last installment in Jan 2008| N/A| YA 2008| N/A| Monthly installment till 31. 12. 2007| 31. 12. 2007| Credit balance frozen| Credit balance frozen| 1. 1. 2008 to 31. 12. 2013| To pay cash dividend on ordinary shares till nil balance| To pay cash dividend on ordinary shares till nil balance| 1. 1. 2014: Utilised s 108 balance| Deemed nil| Deemed nil| 5. 0 Conclusion In a overview, single tier dividend system means that the dividend from the companies is an tax exempt dividend to shareholders.Company will no longer have section 108 (6) chan ge issues and also shareholders will not face any additional taxes, even though their marginal tax reach 28%. Even tax authorization on the other end, no longer needs to monitor the tax credit balance section (108 account) of the company and also processing of the tax refunds to the shareholders. They are now able to intensify on tax audits to ensure complete tax compliance with the self assessment system. The single tier dividend system is deemed to be business friendly, economically and tax efficiency for the business environment.It is because it is no longer are a requirement to maintain tax credit balance for dividend payment. A portion of tax administration duties is now abolished so that human assets would be able to focus on tax efficiency duties. The change in the tax structure from imputation to the single tier system are the most significant changes as deemed in Malaysian tax laws. It is clearly a progressive measure, one that accords with international trends. In an inter national setting, the single-tier system or exemption system is seen by commentators as being more neutral than imputation .It achieves simplicity, resulting in efficiency savings for both businesses and tax authorities. It plugs tax leakages since no tax refunds are made under any circumstances. While imputation system discriminates against the non-resident shareholder (who is not granted a tax credit) in favour of the resident shareholder (who is granted a credit), however the single tier system eliminates this, thereby removing a discrimination against regional and multinational companies seeking a holding company locations in Malaysia.The government realized that the imputation system is not very sustainable anymore in we see it in the long run. So, if the tax rates were to be reduced further down in the future, the government needs a perfect system that will allow company's tax to be deemed as a final tax. In this case, the government have certainly had taken a bold step to mov e in the right direction. References 1. Choong. K.. F. (2009). Malaysian Taxation Principles and Practice. (15th ed. ) Malaysia: InfoWorld. 2. Kasipillai. J. (2009). A Comprehensive Guide to Malaysian Taxation. (4th ed. ) Malaysia:McGraw-Hill.

Equality in childcare Essay

Unit 0.3 Outcome 1 Understand the importance of equality and inclusion 1a. What is meant by diversity The term ‘diversity’ means difference. Diversity recognises that though people have things in common with each other, they are also different and unique in many ways. Diversity is about recognising and valuing those differences. Diversity consists of visible and non-visible factors, which include personal characteristics such as background, culture, personality and work-style in addition to the characteristics that are protected under discrimination legislation in terms of race, disability, gender, religion and belief, sexual orientation and age. By recognising and understanding our individual differences and embracing them, we can create a productive environment in which everybody feels valued. 1b. What is meant by equality Equality means treating people in a way that is appropriate for their needs. This could mean if someone had say a disability you need to treat them in the same way as you would another person, without showing them up but adapt the help you provide. 1c. What is meant by inclusion Inclusion is about equal opportunities for all families, whatever their age, gender, ethnicity, attainment and background. It pays particular attention to the provision made for, and the achievement of, different groups of pupils within a school. 1d. What is meant by discrimination Read more: Importance of inclusive practice essay Discrimination is the prejudicial treatment of an individual based on their membership in a certain group or category. For example, religion, skin  colour. 1.2 Describe ways in which discrimination may deliberately or inadvertently occur in the work setting Indirect Discrimination: Indirect discrimination occurs when policies and practices, which appear fair because they are applied to everyone, but turn out to disadvantage people and particular groups within society. For example, if a job advertisement states that applicants must be able to drive then this could put a certain people at a disadvantage, such as those with a disability. Or, for example you may have a school display every year to celebrate Christmas because the majority of the children would be classed as ‘white’ ‘’Christian’, however if other faiths and celebrations are not represented then smaller groups could be discriminated against. Positive Discrimination: Positive discrimination is regarded as the preferential treatment of members of a minority group over a majority group, either by sex, race, age, marital status or sex orientation. So for example if you were to allow a particular less represented group of children over another to perform a task this is classed a positive discrimination. Racial Discrimination: If a practitioner has particular views concerning race or even religion, these views could be used in the setting unintentionally to have a negative or positive influence in a situation or particular child. Stereotypes: A practitioner may intentionally or intentionally categorise children in a particular way. This could be for example, boys play with cars and girls dolls. 0.3 1.3 Explain how practices that support equality and inclusion reduce the likelihood of discrimination Treating the individual fairly, on the same level and providing them with equal opportunities to housing, education, employment, transport, health and social care can help as the individual will feel valued and treated fairly  and not made vulnerable or set apart. This will reduce, if not eliminate any discrimination against that individual or by that individual against others. Inclusion also is important as the individual will be aware of their rights, will feel in control and will feel supported to be able to make their own decisions and have their needs met. In turn this will reduce the risk of the individual being discriminated against or discriminating against others. In our setting with religion for example, we try to cover a few with our circle time sessions. Last year we did a topic on Hanukkah, a Jewish festival. 0.3 2.1 Legislation and codes of practice that applies to own role There are various pieces of legislation in place to promote equality and reduce discrimination. These include: Race Relations Act 1976 with the Public Order Act 1986 and Racial and Religious Hatred Ac 2006. Children Act 1989 and 2004 and Care Standards Act 2000 Educational Act 1981 together with E.A 1993 and 1996, Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 and Disability Discrimination Acts 1995 and 2005 Equality Act 2006  Laws alone cannot change people’s attitudes, but they can help to risk the practical aspects of discrimination. The Code Of Practice for Children with SEN gives guidance on meeting the learning needs of children with special educational needs. The EYFS guidance explains how to put the EYFS in to action. Good inclusive practice that promotes equality goes beyond what the law commands. 0.3 2.3 Describe how to challenge discrimination in a way that encourages change You should never ignore or excuse such discriminatory behaviour any more than you would ignore or excuse someone if they inflicted physical pain on someone else. It must be addressed because if you do not respond and just  let the incident pass you are contributing to the person feeling that it is acceptable to speak or behave that way. To promote change you need to change people’s attitude toward other races, sexuality, religion.. In our setting we try to educate our children about different culture and disabilities by doing things like having time so that children can share their experiences with each other, and encourage them to think of other people’s feelings. They can share different opinions with each other and also get the opportunity to think about what it is like for other people. They are asked to think how they would feel in those persons shoes. 0.3 3.1 Identify a range of sources of information, advice, support about diversity, equality and inclusion It is our duty to protect a child’s rights and to offer them fair chances in life. We need to be able to be open to new ideas in order to develop and improve the way we work. Sources we could use to assist with this are: My manager Children’s families and parents Specialist organisations The internet (BBC website) Books, magazines (‘Nursery World’) Colleagues (SENCO person if you need help with a special educational needs child) EYFS and other frameworks 0.3 3.2 Describe how and when to access information, advice and support about diversity, equality and inclusion It is a sign of professionalism to recognise when you need additional information, advice and support. It is good to seek support, as struggling alone is not good practice. Equality and inclusion are aspects of practice that are complex and can raise sensitivities. Situations can be challenging and distressing. It is important to seek support and use the experience as a professional learning point. For example, in my setting when I was struggling with a child who I felt needed some speech help and I didn’t know where to turn, I contacted my  Manager who is also SENCO trained and she organised a Speech and Language Therapy referral.

Bob Marley Essays - Westminster System, Free Essays, Term Papers

Bob Marley Essays - Westminster System, Free Essays, Term Papers Bob Marley Bicameral legislature- A congress made up of two houses. In the U.S. it is the senate and the House of Representatives. Constitutional convention agreed to a bicameral legislation. Congressional Sessions- Each term of congress starts on January 3 of odd numbered years and lasts for two years. Sessions- a meeting that takes place twice in congress and usually lasts for most of the year. Congress remains in session until its members vote to adjourn. After adjournment the president may call congress back into meeting as a special session. Membership of the House- a total of 435 members make up the house of representatives. Seats are allotted to each state and the number of seats that state is allowed to have is based on its population. Every state is entitled to at least one seat no matter how small the population is. To qualify to be a member of the house you must be at least 25 years of age, a resident of the US for 7 years and a legal resident of the state you represent.(Usually live in the district they represent.) Terms of the house are for two years. Representation and reapportionment- the census bureau takes a national census, or population count, every 10 years to assign representation according to population. The population of each state determines the new number of representatives, which is called reapportionment. Congressional Redistricting- The process of setting up new district lines after reapportionment has been completed. Gerrymandering- means that the political party controlling the state government draws a districts boundaries to gain an advantage in elections. The term gerrymandering can be traced to Elbridge Gerry, a governor of Massachusetts. Membership of the Senate- The senate is composed of two senators from each state, thus each state is represented equally. Todays senators includes 100 members2 from each of the 50 states. To qualify as a senator you must at least 30 years old, a citizen of the US for 9 years, and a legal resident of the S tate they represent. All voters of each state elect senators at-large, or statewide. Unlike a representative of the house a senator serves his or her term for six years, inducting a new senator every two years. A congressmans pay must follow the 27 amendment, which says that the salary voted on by congress will not be in effect till the next session. Exclusion- the right of congress not to seat a member inducted by a majority vote. Censure- a formal disapproval of a members actions. Characteristics- most of the members of congress are lawyers. The others usually in business, banking, and education. Incumbents- Those already in office that win reelection. Political action committees- Provide substantial campaign funds, usually supporting incumbents. Incumbents are successful in reelection because it is easier to raise funds, can represent districts that have been gerrymandered in their partys favor, incumbents are better known to voters, and they use their position and office staff t o help solve problems for voters. Constituents- the people in a district represented. Caucus- a closed meeting. Majority Leaders- The speakers top assistant. Their job is to help plan the partys legislative program, steer important bills through the house, and make sure the chairpersons of the many committees finish work on bills important to the party. Whips are assistant floor leaders. The whips job is to watch how majority-party-members intend to vote on bills, to persuade them to vote as their party wishes, and to see that party members are present to vote. Bills- A proposed law. Not actually a law until congress votes and passes it, then the president must sign it. To introduce a bill members drop their idea into a box called a Hopper. After the bill is introduced the speaker of the house sends it to the appropriate committee for study, discussion, and review. Bills are then put onto the house calendars. Calendars- list bills that are up for consideration. 5 different calendars . Union calendar (bills for consideration, house calendar(public bills), private calendar(bills that deal with individual people or places, consent calendar(bills with a unanimous consent to debate out of regular order) , and discharge calendar(Petitions to discharge a bill from committee).Rules committee serves as the traffic

Let Him Have It Essays

Let Him Have It Essays Let Him Have It Essay Let Him Have It Essay In the film version of the case of Craig and Bently-Let Him Have it the director has chosen to be bias and uses it in different ways. Bias is when you only have a one sided view of something. The film can show that the director is biased. The things that show this are that you get much more background information on Derek Bently and his family. Immediately this favours Derek Bently as the audience watching feel closer and more informer on his background, so therefore they know more about him and want him to win this case. The director has chosen go give information and situations of Dereks epilepsy. The first scene of the film is of the blitz in the war and Derek under the rouble. This is what the doctors thought caused the epilepsy. The director also chooses to show Derek in a situation where he starts to have an epileptic fit, once his parents have decided to let him go out on his own. Both these ideas that the director has selected can make the audience feel pity for Derek seeing as in the film the doctors say that because of his condition he is believed to have the mind of an 11-year-old. On the other hand Christopher Craig has not been focussed on as much as Bentley. The only background information given about Craig is that he is a bad influence and can be a gangster, as he has grown up with an older brother. The director chooses to show the audience the scene where Craigs brother Neven is arrested. This can show that Craigs family is not very loving and can be rather rough. These background facts are of a negative nature. Other than Craigs brother, we do not get any other information about his family. Derek Bentleys family; Iris, hi smother and his father, play a very big role in the whole story, and the audience is shown that Derek has a warm and loving home life and is given the care he needs with his condition. The audience can see that before Derek Bently came into contact with Christopher Craig he was a pleasant boy. He was influenced and could have maybe felt pressured to act gangster like around him, so he went ahead with the scam of the butchers warehouse. This however all goes wrong and a police officer is accidentally murdered! One scene that shows bias in the film is the trial scene. This showed bias as throughout the scene it seemed as though Derek Bentley was receiving an unfair trial. The director used many things to show bias towards Bentley in this scene he uses language, music, colour, camera shots and the setting and scenery. These collectively show a very one-sided view of the murder and the trial. In the trial scene Medek uses characterisation to show bias. Chris Craig is presented to be a very sarcastic, guilty boy. He is made out to be the villain. When he was given his sentence after being given his sentence there is a shot of him smiling. This showed Craig as not even caring that he has been proven guilty for murder. Also he is sarcastic when the judge asked if he took his guns to school, Craig replied Well not all at the same time. This shows a lack of respect for he judge and Craig is again perceived as the villain. However Bentley is shown to be very nervous and scared about what could happen. We are told that Bentley is illiterate and not very intelligent this also made the audience sympathise as it was why he was acting in the way he was. He didnt seem to know what to do or say, his head was mostly down and gave very short quick answers to the prosecutor. Another character was the judge he portrayed bias, as he seemed to already know who was guilty before even sentenc ing. When making a closing statement he emphasised the fact the Bentley had a knuckle-duster he said it was a, horrible weapon. This shows bias as the judge is supposed to be an impartial person who looks fairly at the evidence and is not supposed to sway the jury in any way. This gives the impression that Bentley was not given a fair trial. In the trial scene a combination of many things that encourage bias. The first of these is music. Music is only used for a few seconds; this is while Bentley is being taken down to his cell. This was very solemn music played by violins that make you feel very sorry for Bentley. Also colour is used to great effect. For example Bentley is wearing a pale blue suit whereas most other people are wearing dark suits. This shows Bentley to look very innocent also because it would seem that he does not know what to wear in this sort of situation as it is all new to him. Whereas Craig seems very comfortable and confident as if he knows exactly what is going to happen, as if it were routine for him. Also camera shots are used effectively. One effective use of the camera was when you could see the courtroom from Bentleys eyes. When he looked at the jury he moved on quickly however when he saw at his family he moved across slowly as he was looking for help and support. Also it shows that Bentley has a loving family, and on the other hand Craig has no family present that we can see. The only actually family we are introduced to in the film is his older brother who was arrested and taken to prison. This would make you think that if Bentley had such a caring family why would he want to help to kill someone. Also the camera shot of Bentley eventually gets closer and closer to him. Here you can see that he is trembling and is incredibly upset, this would make people very sympathetic. Craig was only shown to being sarcastic and rude. This has shown that Peter Medek was very successful at achieving sympathy from the audience for Derek Bentley and his family through bias. The overall dramatic impact of the directors effects is likely to make viewers believe that Bentley was given an unfair trial and was innocent. As well as this they are likely to believe that Craig was a very manipulative person who persuaded Bentley to go with him. Also Craig was shown to be an arrogant person who cares only about himself.